但广告化并不天然等于价值创造。当所有商户都必须通过竞价才能被看到时,广告费便从增量工具演化为入场券。单个商户的理性选择,是继续加价以维持原有订单量;但从整体看,供给侧为此付出的总成本却在不断上升,而需求并未同步扩大。平台收入提高,但供给侧整体并未获得更多有效需求,反而陷入内耗式竞价。这种结构下,广告化更像是将抽佣换了一种更隐蔽的形态,甚至加剧了零和博弈。
Real-mode programs freely execute CLI and STI to control interrupts, PUSHF and POPF to manipulate flags, INT n for DOS and BIOS calls, and IN/OUT for hardware I/O. In normal protected mode, these instructions are privilege-checked -- they execute normally if the caller has sufficient privilege, and fault otherwise. The 386 can't simply let V86 tasks execute them freely -- a DOS program disabling interrupts would bring down the whole system -- but trapping on every INT 21h call would make V86 impractically slow.
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